Trees, Shrubs, and Vines That Attract Wildlife

When designing landscapes for urban environ-
ments keep in mind the following principles:
• Use native plants whenever possible.
• Consider the ecological growing requirements of
the plant so it can be placed in a similar habitat.
• Reduce the amount of lawn area and replace with
woody plants and a variety of wildflowers.
• Use a variety of different plant groups and types
(Figure 1).
• Use a variety of plant species within each group.
• Use a variety of plants that will flower and pro-
duce fruit at various times of the year.
• Plant in clusters (Figure 2).
• Plant conifers or dense tall shrubs on the north and
northwest locations if at all possible (Figure 3).
• Follow proper planting techniques (Figure 4).
• Maintain your plants after planting.
T
Figure 1.
Plant varieties provide for diversity of feeding niches for
different bird species.
4
In addition to the species listed in this report, there
are other native trees that help protect genetic diversity
or have showy blooms or interesting foliage. Many of
these species may not be particularly attractive to wild-
life, but they definitely add interest to the urban land-
scape. These species include our state tree, the Ken-
tucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioica), as well as leath-
erwood (Dirca palustris), wild hydrangea (Hydrangea
arborescens), redbud (Cercis canadensis), bladdernut
(Staphylea trifolia), sourwood (Oxydendrum
arboreum), fringe tree (Chionanthus virginicus), Ameri-
can snowbell (Styrax americana), Carolina silverbell
(Halesia carolina), witch hazel
The good arrangement on the right is preferred for backyard planting.
Figure 2.
Clustering of viburnums.
virginiana), New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus), wisteria
(Wisteria macrostachya), and yellowwood (Cladrastis lutea).
5
The most ideal situation involves planting a recently dug balled-and-burlapped
tree with a sufficiently sized root ball into noncompacted, well-drained soil with 50
percent solid material and 50 percent pore space. Before trees are purchased and
planted, it is important to assess the planting site, make design and site modifica-
tions, choose plants that match the specific site, and
use good transplanting techniques.
Note the following ideal planting techniques:
• The surface soils are better aerated when the
surface diameter is increased and the sides of
planting holes are tapered.
• The tree is placed at the depth grown in the
nursery, and no deeper! Look for the root collar,
and remove soil if necessary.
• A 2- to 3-inch layer of organic mulch replaces
turf around the tree base, ideally to the drip line
of the tree. Grass roots compete significantly
with tree roots and impair tree growth. An 8-foot
circle of mulch quadruples root development of
newly planted trees.
• There is no “pimple” of excess mulch; 4 to 6
inches of mulch is never good; it rots the bark of
the tree trunk.
• There is no excessive saucering.
• If mulch is not used and turf is grown up to the base of the tree, the trunk should
be protected from a lawn mower, string trimmer, or tractor with perforated pipe
at the tree’s base. Check annually, and remove when the tree outgrows it.
• No stakes are used. Stakes are unnecessary in 99.9 percent of plantings.
• There is no tree wrap because tree wrap encourages fungi/bacteria to grow in the
dark, humid environment under it.
• A 4-inch perforated pipe can be installed and connected to a drainage area only
if the clay is extremely heavy or the soil waterlogged.
Once the trees are established they will need to be pruned. For information on
pruning, ask your Cooperative Extension Agent for publication HO-45, Pruning
Landscape Trees. For more information on growing nut trees, ask for publication
ID-77, Nut Tree Growing in Kentucky.
Ideal Planting Techniques
In the following pages, the trees, vines, and shrubs are listed by group. Within each group, the listings are alphabetical by
scientific name. The scientific name is first, followed by the common name in parentheses.
#02#02#02#02#03#03#03#03#7B#7B#7B#7B||||
,,,,
,,,,
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yyyy
Figure 4.
6
Maple
Acer spp.
A. nigrum (black)
A. negundo (box elder)
A. pensylvanicum (striped)
A. rubrum (red)
A. saccharinum (silver, water)
A. saccharum (sugar)
Notes
Opposite leaf arrangement; dis-
tinctive winged seeds called sa-
maras; brilliant orange to red fall
foliage in sugar, black, and red
maples; grows best in full sun to
partial shade. Cultivars of red
maple suitable for Kentucky in-
clude Armstrong, Autumn Flame,
Bowhall, Columnare, Edna Davis,
Gerling, Karpick, Northwood,
October Glory, Red Skin, and Red Sunset. Cultivars of sugar maple suitable for Kentucky
include Bonfire, Caddo, Commemoration, Columnare, Green Mountain, Legacy, Steeple,
and Sweet Shadow. Silver or water maple is not recommended because it has been
overplanted in the landscape, reseeds, is weak-wooded, trashy, and self-destructs in ice and
wind storms.
Buckeyes
Aesculus spp.
A. discolor (red and yellow)
A. glabra (Ohio)
A. octandra (yellow, sweet)
A. pavia (red)
Notes
Flowers are used as a nectar source by humming-
birds. One of the first species to produce leaves
in spring. No exceptional fall color.
Large Hardwood (Deciduous) Trees
More than 30 feet tall when mature
7
Hackberry
Celtis spp.
C. laevigata (sugarberry, smooth hackberry)
C. occidentalis (common)
C. tennuifolia (dwarf)
Notes
Gray to brown warty bark; small red fruits when ripe; unattractive light
yellow fall foliage; common along fencerows, roadsides, and old fields.
Larval food for snout, question mark, mourning cloak, tawny emperor,
and hackberry butterflies. Extension horticulturalists do not recommend
planting common hackberry because it reseeds and has a witch’s broom
type of growth.
Hickories
Carya spp.
C. aquatica (water)
C. glabra (pignut)
C. illinoensis (pecan)
C. laciniosa (big shagbark, big shellbark, kingnut)
C. ovalis (sweet pignut, small-fruited)
C. ovata (shagbark, shellbark)
C. tomentosa (mockernut, white)
Notes
Shagbark, pecan, big shagbark, pale, and sweet pignut have
edible nuts; subject to disease; slow growing; nuts can be self-
fruitful in some cases, but allowing for cross pollination is
better. Varieties of shagbark hickory recommended for Ken-
tucky include Yoder #1, Bridewater, Silvas, Wurth, Grainger, Wilcox, Porter, and Wilmoth. Variet-
ies of shellbark recommended for Kentucky include Fayette, Bradley, Chetopa, Keystone, Lindauer,
Neilson, Stauffer, Stephens, and Totten. Varieties of pecans recommended for Kentucky include
Chickasaw, Fisher, Greenriver, Hodge, Kentucky, Major, Mohawk, Posey, and Shoshone. Larval
food for hickory hairstreak and banded hairstreak butterflies. Squirrels love these nuts!
Catalpa
Catalpa speciosa (northern catalpa, cigar tree)
Notes
Larval food for tiger swallowtail butterfly; flowers are
used as a nectar source by hummingbirds.
Large Hardwood (Deciduous) Trees
8
Large Hardwood (Deciduous) Trees
Persimmon
Diospyros virginiana (common)
Notes
Orange fruits ripening in fall can be eaten by humans; red to
yellow fall foliage; common along the edges of woodlands,
old fields, and fencerows. The sexes are separate, and both
male and female trees must be present to obtain fruit. Deer,
turkeys, raccoons, and squirrels love these large fruits.
Ash
Fraxinus spp.
F. americana (white)
F. pennsylvanica (green)
F. quadrangulata (blue)
F. profunda (pumpkin)
Notes
Medium-sized tree; opposite leaf arrangement; winged
seeds; brilliant yellow fall foliage for green ash and red to
maroon color for white ash; grows best in full sunlight.
Cultivars of green ash suitable for Kentucky include
Bergeson, Emerald, Newport, Patmor, Summit, and Ur-
banite. Cultivars of white ash suitable for Kentucky in-
clude Autumn Purple, Autumn Applause, Champaign
County, Rosehill, and Skyline. Extension horticulturalists
do not recommend green ash because of storm damage
problems. Larval food for tiger swallowtail, hickory hair-
streak, and mourning cloak butterflies.
Beech
Fagus grandifolia (American)
Notes
Retains brown fall foliage through the winter; three-
angled nuts; shade tolerant. Squirrels love this nut. Lar-
val food for early hairstreak butterfly.
9
Large Hardwood (Deciduous) Trees
Walnuts
Juglans spp.
J. cinerea (butternut, white walnut)
J. nigra (black walnut)
Notes
Butternuts are not recommended except in the moun-
tains at high elevations because they are susceptible to
bacterial canker that results in a short-lived tree, usually
fewer than 20 years; self-fruitful, although they perform
better when cross pollinated. Cultivars recommended for
Kentucky include Clermont, Emma K, Farrington,
Myers, Sparrow, and Stabler. Extension horticulturalists
do not recommend planting black walnut because it is
the last to produce leaves in the spring, first to drop leaves
in the fall, the nuts are messy, and there is juglone toxic-
ity to other plants. Larval food for banded hairstreak
butterfly. Squirrels love these nuts!
Sweet Gum
Liquidambar styraciflua
Notes
Star-shaped leaves turning red to purple in autumn; female flower forms the hard,
spiny gum balls that encase the seeds. Cultivars suitable for Kentucky include Fes-
tival and Rotundiloba.
10
Large Hardwood (Deciduous) Trees
Magnolia
Magnolia spp.
M. acuminata (cucumber tree)
M. fraseri (Fraser s)
M. macrophylla (big leaf)
M. tripetala (umbrella)
Notes
Large white flowers in late spring to early summer;
cones open in late summer to release bright red seeds;
mostly understory trees. Exceptionally large showy
blooms in May.
Yellow Poplar
Liriodendron tulipifera
(tulip poplar, tulip tree)
Notes
Our state heritage tree; lyre-shaped
leaves; undistinctive yellow fall foliage;
distinctive greenish white flower
marked with orange in spring. Larval
food for tiger swallowtail and spicebush
swallowtail butterflies.
Gum
Nyssa spp.
N. aquatica (tupelo gum, water tupelo)
N. sylvatica (sour gum, black gum, black tupelo)
Notes
Deeply furrowed blocky bark; dark blue fruits usually
in clusters from midsummer persisting to early winter;
deep red and purple fall foliage is one of first to turn
color. A long taproot makes it difficult to transplant.
11
Cottonwood
Populus spp.
P. deltoides (eastern cottonwood)
P. grandidentata (big-toothed aspen)
P. heterophylla (swamp cottonwood)
Notes
Fast-growing; toothed leaves; seed capsule matures
in late spring; each seed attached to a tuft of white
hair; brilliant yellow fall foliage. Extension
horticulturalists do not recommend eastern cotton-
wood because of surface roots and cottony seeds. Lar-
val food for mourning cloak, red-spotted purple, vice-
roy, and tiger swallowtail butterflies.
Sycamore
Platanus occidentalis
Notes
Bark in pattern of browns and whites; shallow-lobed leaves; hang-
ing fruits; brown fall foliage. Large trees often become hollow
and are used as nesting sites for wildlife. Extension
horticulturalists do not recommend this species because it is a
trashy tree.
Large Hardwood (Deciduous) Trees
Cherry
Prunus spp.
P. serotina (black cherry)
P. virginiana (choke cherry)
Notes
White blossoms in spring; small red fruits in late summer; yellow-orange
fall foliage; found frequently in open areas, old fields, fencerows, and pas-
tures. Among our most important wildlife food plants; fruit can be used for
wine or jelly. Extension horticulturalists do not recommend black cherry
because it reseeds, stains walks, and is considered a nuisance in landscape
beds and fencerows. Larval food for tiger swallowtail, coral hairstreak,
striped hairstreak, red-spotted purple, and spring azure butterflies. Birds
love the seeds from these plants!
12
Oak
Quercus spp.
Q. alba (white)
Q. bicolor (swamp white)
Q. falcata (southern red)
Q. imbricaria (shingle)
Q. lyrata (overcup)
Q. macrocarpa (bur)
Q. marilandica (blackjack)
Q. michauxii (swamp chestnut, basket, cow)
Q. prinus (chestnut, mountain chestnut, rock chestnut)
Q. muehlenbergii (chinquapin, yellow)
Q. nigra (water)
Q. pagoda
Q. palustris (pin)
Q. phellos (willow)
Q. rubra (northern red)
Q. shumardii (Shumard)
Q. stellata (post)
Large Hardwood (Deciduous) Trees
Notes
Lobed leaves; fruit as acorns; found in wide range of habitats; wide variety of fall
foliage from red to yellow to purple; the white, willow, and pin oaks are relatively
fast-growing oaks; white oak is difficult to transplant because of a long taproot. Pin
oak is not recommended because it is over-planted, has scale problems, and has
drooping branches that must be removed every year. Larval food for Juvenal’s
duskywing, Horace’s duskywing, Edward’s hairstreak, white M hairstreak, banded
hairstreak, sleepy duskywing, and north-
ern hairstreak butterflies. The red oak
group usually is a consistent producer of
acorns. White oaks do not produce acorns
as consistently; however, wildlife prefer
white oak acorns. Excellent source of en-
ergy for squirrels, deer, turkeys, raccoons,
and numerous other wildlife species.
13
Large Hardwood (Deciduous) Trees
Locust
Robinia spp.
R. hispida var. rosea (rose-acacia, bristly)
R. pseudoacacia (black)
Notes
Bristly locust is a thorny, medium-sized shrub with purple
flowers. Larval food for the Zarucco duskywing, com-
mon sulphur, silver-spotted skipper, and dreamy
duskywing butterflies. Extension horticulturalists do not
recommend planting black locust because it produces a
great number of suckers from its roots.
Sassafras
Sassafras albidum
Notes
Leaves can be without lobes or have two or three
lobes; early summer blue-black fruits; fall foli-
age brilliant red, yellow, and orange; common in
open fields, fencerows, and wood edges; tree parts
used in tea and candy; difficult to transplant be-
cause of a long taproot; female tree bears fruit.
Larval food for the spicebush and palamedes
swallowtail butterflies.
14
Holly
Ilex opaca (American)
Notes
Not a coniferous tree; glossy green leaves with spiny
margins; white flowers followed by bright red fruits
persisting until late winter. Cultivars suitable for Ken-
tucky include Cecile, Chief Paduke, Indian Maiden, Julie
Koehler, Judy Evans, Klein #1, Lady Alice, Maryland
Dwarf, Richards, and Virginia Giant. Sexes are sepa-
rate, and both male and female trees must be planted to
obtain fruit. Larval food for Henry’s elfin butterfly. The
berries provide a late winter food source for birds when
other berries may not be available.
Evergreen Trees
Spruce
Picea spp.
P. abies (Norway)
P. glauca (Black Hills; cultivar Densata)
P. pungens (Colorado; cultivars Glauca, Hoopsii,
Thompsonii, Moerheimii, Kosteri, and Fat Albert)
Notes
Not native to Kentucky. Spruce trees can be used in the
landscape, but they do not reproduce; primarily used for
wildlife cover.
Juniper, Red Cedar
Juniperus virginiana (eastern)
Notes
Blue fleshy cones form the berries in autumn; shade tolerant;
pioneer plant found commonly in poor soil sites; cultivars suit-
able for Kentucky include Burkii, Canaerti, and Hillspire. Larval
food for the olive hairstreak butterfly. Birds relish the blue ber-
ries.
15
Pine
Pinus spp.
P. echinata (yellow, shortleaf)
P. rigida (pitch)
P. strobus (White)
P. virginiana (Virginia, scrub)
Notes
Larval food for the eastern pine
elfin butterfly.
Eastern Hemlock
Tsuga canadensis
Notes
Medium to large evergreen trees; small cones
hang from end of branchlets; mature cones re-
lease winged seeds; common in cool, moist slopes
in Eastern Kentucky; very shade tolerant; variet-
ies recommended for Kentucky include Pendula
or Weeping Hemlock and Sargentii.
Evergreen Trees
16
Alder
Alnus serrulata (common)
Notes
Large shrub; flowers are hard, brown catkins;
common along streams and damp areas; grows
best in partial shade.
Small Trees or Large Shrubs
Pawpaw
Asimina triloba
Notes
Fruits are edible by humans. Larval
food for zebra swallowtail butterfly.
Serviceberry, Juneberry, Sarvis,
Shadbush, Shadblow
Amelanchier spp.
A. aborea (downy)
A. laevis (smooth)
Notes
Small tree or large shrub; among the first woody plants
to produce dainty white flowers in the spring; purple
applelike fruits in June; gold to red-orange fall foliage;
adapted to planting along ponds, rivers, and streams; will
grow in full sun, partial shade, or full shade. The culti-
var, Autumn Sunset, of downy serviceberry is recom-
mended for Kentucky. Cultivars of smooth serviceberry
suitable for Kentucky include Prince Charles and Cumu-
lus. Probably the best summer fruit for birds; they abso-
lutely love these berries!
10 to 30 feet tall
17
Birch
Betula spp.
B. lenta (sweet)
B. lutea (yellow)
B. nigra (river)
Notes
Small- to medium-sized tree; relatively short-lived; at-
tractive, flaky bark; hard, brown catkin flowers; clear yel-
low fall foliage. Larval food for mourning cloak and gray
comma butterflies.
Hawthorn
Crataegus spp.
C. crus-galli (cockspur)
C. mollis (red haw)
C. phaenopyrum (Washington)
Notes
Species of hawthorns are numerous, complex, and dif-
ficult to separate; there are more than two dozen spe-
cies in the state; small trees or shrubs; spines along
branches; red fruit remain on tree until late winter; com-
mon on roadsides and old farmland. Larval food for
the gray hairstreak butterfly. Birds love these berries!
Dogwood
Cornus spp.
C. alternifolia (alternate leaf)
C. amomum ssp. amomum (silky)
ssp. obliqua (pale)
C. drummondii (rough leaf)
C. florida (flowering)
C. foemina (stiff)
C. racemosa (gray)
Notes
Small herbaceous plants and shrubs, as well as small
trees; large, showy white flowers in midspring; bright
red berries in fall; crimson autumn foliage; common
understory tree; slow growing; varieties of flowering
dogwood recommended for Kentucky include Chero-
kee Chief, Cherokee Princess, Cloud Nine, First Lady,
Pendula, Purple Glory, Rainbow, Rubra, Summertime,
Sweetwater, and Welchii. Larval food for the spring
azure butterfly. Birds love the berries!
Small Trees or Large Shrubs
18
Burning Bush
Euonymus spp.
E. americana (strawberry bush, hearts-a-bursting-
with-love)
E. atropurpurea (Wahoo, burning bush)
E. obovata (running strawberry bush, running
euonymus)
Notes
Tall treelike shrub; branches have two to four corky wings
making them appear square; small yellow flowers in
spring; purple-capped pods open in fall displaying three
orange-red seeds; brilliant red fall foliage; grows best in
full sunlight. Birds love the berries.
Holly
Ilex spp.
I. decidua (swamp holly, possum haw)
I. montana (mountain winterberry)
I. verticillata (winterberry)
Notes
Glossy green leaves with spiny margins; white
flowers followed by bright red fruits persisting
until late winter. Cultivars of possum haw suit-
able for Kentucky include Council Fire,
Pocahonta, and Warren’s Red; cultivars of win-
terberry suitable for Kentucky include After-
glow, Sunset, and Winterred. Larval food for
Henry’s elfin butterfly.
Small Trees or Large Shrubs
Spicebush
Lindera benzoin
Notes
Deciduous shrub; spicy aroma from crushed leaves; red berries in
late summer; clear yellow fall foliage; grows best in rich moist
soil. Larval food for spicebush and tiger swallowtail butterflies.
Birds will eat the red berries.
19
Small Trees or Large Shrubs
Crab Apple, Apple
Malus spp.
M. angustifolia
M. coronaria (wild)
M. ioensis
Notes
Large shrub or small tree; often branches bear small
spines; early spring pinkish-white flowers; yellow fall
foliage; cedar waxwings are known to prefer Red Jade
cultivar. Cultivars suitable for Kentucky that resist dis-
eases and insects include David, Harvest Gold,
Jewelberry, Red Jade, Red Jewel, and Prairiefire. In
general, crab apples are not good bird food but do pro-
vide excellent food for raccoons, opossums, squirrels,
and deer. Larval food for the gray hairstreak, spring
azure, red-spotted purple, viceroy, tiger swallowtail,
and striped hairstreak butterflies.
Mulberry
Morus rubra (red)
Notes
Heart-shaped or variably lobed leaves; red to dark purple fruits in late
spring; clear yellow fall foliage; grows best in full sun; the fruits are edible
by humans and wildlife love them; they can become invasive in some cases.
Sexes are separate, and male and female trees must be planted to obtain
fruit. This species has been known to attract the most spectacular flocking
of birds of any fruiting tree. Larval food for the mourning cloak butterfly.
American Hophornbeam
Ostrya virginiana
Notes
Small- to medium-sized tree; catkin flowers producing
small nutlet fruits in late summer. Larval food for the
mourning cloak and red-spotted purple butterflies.
20
Plums
Prunus spp.
P. americana (wild plum)
P. angustifolia (chickasaw plum)
P. munsoniana (wild goose plum)
Notes
White blossoms in spring; small red fruits in late summer; yellow-orange
fall foliage; found frequently in open areas, old fields, fencerows, and pas-
tures. Among our most important wildlife food plants; fruit can be used
for wine or jelly. Birds go wild over these berries!
Sumac
Rhus spp.
R. aromatica (fragrant)
R. copallinum (winged, shining)
R. glabra (smooth)
R. hirta (staghorn)
Notes
Large shrub or small tree; wine-red panicles of
fruit in late summer to fall; scarlet fall foliage.
Can be an invasive or aggressive plant in land-
scapes. Larval food for the red-banded hairstreak
butterfly. The berries of sumac are poisonous to
humans at any stage and are generally not eaten
by birds until late in the winter when other food
sources have perished.
Buckthorn
Rhamnus spp.
R. caroliniana (Carolina)
R. lanceolata (lance leaf)
Notes
Large shrub or small tree; lustrous, dark green foliage; clusters of
red berries in fall eventually turn black; yellow fall foliage; grows
best in full sun to part shade. Can become invasive.
Small Trees or Large Shrubs
21
Elderberry
Sambucus spp.
S. canadensis (common)
S. pubens (red-berried elder)
Notes
Large shrub or small tree; white flowers in early spring
to frost; purple-black berries on red stems; grows best
in moist soil; berries can be used in making jellies and
wine. Birds love these early fall berries.
Small Trees or Large Shrubs
Black Haw
Viburnum spp.
V. acerifolium (maple leaf)
V. dentatum var. dentatum (arrow wood)
var. lucidum
V. molle (Kentucky viburnum)
V. nudum var. nudum (possum haw)
var. cassinoides (withe rod)
V. prunifolium (black haw)
V. rafineqsquianum (arrow wood)
V. rufidulum (southern black haw)
Notes
Large shrub or small tree; dark green, glossy foliage; creamy white
flowers in late spring; clusters of dark blue fruit with white sheen
in fall; grows in full sunlight to part shade. Larval food for spring
azure butterfly. Birds absolutely relish these berries!
Chokeberry
Aronia spp.
A. arbutifolia (red)
A. melanocarpa (black)
Notes
Deciduous shrub; shiny red berries that last into the winter. Larval food for the
striped hairstreak butterfly. Berries are generally not preferred by birds, but they
will eat them in late winter when other food is not available.
22
Small and Medium Shrubs
Mountain Laurel
Kalmia latifolia
Notes
Requires acid soil and looks best when grown in
combination with Rhododendron species; leaves
are poisonous to livestock and humans. A great
nectar source for butterflies and hummingbirds.
Huckleberry
Gaylussacia spp.
G. baccata
G. brachycera (box)
Notes
Semi-evergreen shrub; flowers in late winter to early spring; small black
fruits ripen unevenly and last for two to three months; fruits are similar to
blueberries and can be eaten by humans, although they contain many seeds.
Larval food for the brown elfin and Henry’s elfin butterflies.
Filbert (American Hazelnut)
Corylus americana
Notes
Easily propagated as seedlings; there are some named varieties, but these
are generally not as hardy, and often their flowers are killed during the
winter. Nuts are relished by humans and wild mammals alike.
Buttonbush
Cephalanthus occidentalis (buttonbush)
Notes
One of top ten butterfly nectar plants.
23
Small and Medium Shrubs
Rose
Rosa spp.
R. carolina (Carolina)
R. palustris (swamp)
R. setigera (climbing)
Notes
Upright, trailing, or climbing shrubs; thorny stems; red berries eaten
by birds.
Rhododendron and Azaleas
Rhododendron spp.
R. arborescens (smooth azalea)
R. calendulaceum (flame azalea)
R. catawbiense (purple rhododendron, mountain rosebay)
R. cumberlandense (red azalea)
R. maximum (great rhododendron)
R. periclymenoides (pinxter flower, pink azalea)
R. prinophyllum (rose azalea)
Notes
Rhododendrons are evergreen; azaleas are deciduous shrubs; brilliantly
colored flowers from late spring to early summer; oblong fruits; fre-
quently understory shrubs; need acidic soil and soil amendments if
grown outside the Cumberland Plateau region. Larval food for the
striped hairstreak and gray comma butterflies. Excellent source of nec-
tar for hummingbirds and butterflies. Honey produced is generally re-
garded as poisonous to humans.
Gooseberries
Ribes spp.
R. cynosbati (prickly)
R. missouriense (Missouri)
Notes
Larval food for the gray comma but-
terfly. Berries are edible by humans.
24
Blueberry
Vaccinium spp.
V. arboreum (farkleberry)
V. pallidum (lowbush)
V. simulatum
V. corymbosum (highbush)
V. stamineum (deerberry, squawbush)
Notes
Bell-shaped, white flowers; blue-purple fruits in sum-
mer; must have an acidic soil; grows best in full sun to
partial shade. Excellent fall color. Larval food for brown
elfin, Henry’s elfin, striped hairstreak, and spring azure
butterflies.
Small and Medium Shrubs
Raspberries, Blackberries, Dewberries
Rubus spp.
R. allegheniensis (blackberry)
R. flagellaris (dewberry)
R. hispidus (swamp dewberry)
R. occidentalis (black raspberry)
R. odoratus (flowering raspberry)
R. pensilvanicus
Notes
Some references list as many as 90 species of Rubus in Kentucky; the
species are difficult for most people to tell apart. The species listed above
are the most common. Most of the species are thorny shrubs growing from
2 to 9 feet tall. Fruits occur in a cluster of fleshy drupelets; roots are peren-
nial; orange-red fall foliage; fruits are edible by humans except for flower-
ing raspberry. If you want some to eat, keep the birds away from this plant!
25
Vines
Trumpet Vine
Campsis radicans (trumpet creeper)
Notes
Vigorous, woody, deciduous climbing vine; orange and scarlet flow-
ers; good ornamental; can escape and become invasive. Excellent
source of nectar for hummingbirds.
Cross Vine
Bignonia capreolata
Notes
Excellent source of nectar for hummingbirds.
Bittersweet
Celastrus scandens
Notes
Commonly used for fall deco-
rations. Berries hang on into late
winter when birds will eat them.
26
Trumpet Honeysuckle
Lonicera sempervirens
Notes
Excellent nectar source for hummingbirds.
Old Man s Beard, Virgin s Bower
Clematis virginica
Notes
Butterflies and hummingbirds will use as a nec-
tar source.
Vines
Passionflower
Passiflora spp.
P. incarnata
P. lutea
Notes
Larval food for Gulf fritillary butterfly.
27
Virginia Creeper
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Notes
Small white flowers in early summer; small grapelike ber-
ries in fall; crimson fall foliage; be careful where planted
because it can escape and become invasive. Birds love
the berries.
Vines
Greenbrier
Smilax spp.
S. bona-nox (bristly)
S. glauca (sawbrier, catbrier)
S. rotifolia (greenbrier)
S. tamnoides (hispid)
Notes
Thorny stems can be hazardous; difficult to find
at nurseries; difficult to transplant because of a
long taproot.
Grape
Vitis spp.
V. aestivalis (summer)
V. cinerea var. cinerea (graybark, sweet
winter) var. baileyana (Bailey s)
V. labrusca (fox)
V. palmata (catbird)
V. riparia (riverbank)
V. rotifolia (muscadine)
V. vulpina (frost)
Notes
Heart-shaped leaves; small flowers in long clus-
ters; purple berries; common in many habitats;
can be harmful to trees because the vine can grow
up a tree and shade the tree with its broad leaves.
Many cultivated species and varieties are avail-
able at nurseries.